The ground wire is connected to a zero potential point and is grounded close by. This ensures that any fault current can be safely directed to the earth, minimizing the risk of electric shock.
The neutral line does not always have a zero potential. It is typically grounded at the substation, but there may still be a voltage difference between the neutral line and the local ground. This means that the neutral line should not be assumed to be safe just because it's "neutral."
When the neutral line is disconnected, a voltage can appear on it, making it behave similarly to a live wire. This is why it’s important to ensure the neutral line remains intact in electrical systems to prevent dangerous situations.
The TN-C system, also known as the combined protective and neutral (PEN) line, uses a single wire for both neutral and grounding functions. This system saves on wiring but has a major drawback: if the PEN line is broken or the three-phase load becomes unbalanced, dangerous voltages can appear on equipment casings. It is best suited for applications with balanced three-phase loads.
The TN-C-S system combines elements of the TN-C and TN-S systems. From the transformer to the distribution panel, it uses a four-wire system where the neutral and protective ground are combined. However, from the distribution panel onward, the neutral and protective ground lines are separated. This configuration offers improved safety and reduces electromagnetic interference, making it ideal for areas with poor power quality or strict EMI requirements.
The TN-S system is a five-wire system where the neutral (N) and protective earth (PE) lines are completely separate throughout the entire system. This separation ensures that the PE line doesn't carry current under normal conditions, reducing electromagnetic interference. Additionally, if the N line becomes disconnected, it doesn’t affect the functionality of the PE line. The TN-S system is considered the safest and most reliable option, especially for industrial and residential low-voltage power systems.
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