The ground wire is connected to a zero potential point and is grounded close to the equipment. This ensures that any fault current can be safely dissipated into the earth, reducing the risk of electric shock.
The neutral line may not always be at zero potential. It is typically grounded at the substation, but there might still be a slight voltage difference between the neutral line and the local ground. This can occur due to resistance in the grounding system or imbalances in the electrical load.
When the neutral line is disconnected, it can develop a voltage, similar to the live wire. This happens because the neutral line forms part of the current loop with the live wire. If the connection is broken, the neutral line can become energized, posing a serious safety hazard.
The TN-C system, also known as the protective neutral (PEN) line, is a three-phase four-wire system. One of its main advantages is that it saves on wiring costs by combining the neutral and protective earth functions into a single conductor. However, this system has a major drawback: if the PEN line becomes disconnected or the three-phase load becomes unbalanced, dangerous voltages can appear on the metal parts of electrical devices. It is best suited for applications where the three-phase load is relatively balanced.
The TN-C-S system is a hybrid of the TN-C and TN-S systems. From the transformer to the distribution panel, it uses a four-wire configuration where the neutral and protective earth are combined. But from the distribution panel to the end-user, the neutral and protective earth lines are separated. This design offers the benefits of both systems, making it ideal for environments where power quality is poor or electromagnetic interference needs to be minimized.
The TN-S system is a three-phase five-wire system, with separate neutral (N) and protective earth (PE) lines throughout the entire system. Since the PE line does not carry current under normal conditions, it minimizes electromagnetic interference with other devices. Additionally, if the N line becomes disconnected, it doesn’t affect the functionality of the PE line, ensuring continued protection. The TN-S system is considered the safest and most reliable option, commonly used in industrial and residential low-voltage power distribution systems.
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