Light-emitting diode (LED) technology has made rapid progress, and improvements in chip design and materials have led to the development of brighter, more durable light sources, enabling the use of light sources to expand. However, LED lighting manufacturers must continue to overcome the problem of strong thermal sensitivity of LED light sources. Excessive heat or improper application can compromise the performance of LED light sources.

Thermal management determines LED life

A luminaire using a 60 watt incandescent bulb produces approximately 900 lumens of illumination and must dissipate 3 watts of heat by conduction. Using a typical DC LED as the light source to achieve the same 900 lumens requires only twelve LEDs. Assuming a forward voltage (VF) of 3.2 volts and a current of 350 mA, the input power of the luminaire can be calculated according to the following formula 1:

Power = 12x3.2 volts x350 mA = 13.4 watts... Equation 1

In this case, about 20% of the input power is converted to light and 80% is converted to heat. Depending on a variety of factors, heating may be related to underlying irregularities as well as phonon emissions, seals, materials, and the like. Of the total heat generated by the LED, 90% is transmitted through conduction. Table 1 shows the dissipation of heat from the LED junction. Conduction is the primary channel for heat conduction because convection and radiation account for only about 10% of total heat transfer. For example, an LED may convert nearly 10.72 watts of heat (13.4 watts x 0.8). Among them, 9.648 watts (10.72 watts Ã— 0.9) is transmitted or migrated from the LED junction through conduction. Clearly, LED light sources require precise power and thermal management systems because most of the power supplied to the LEDs is converted to heat compared to other sources. This heat can affect LED life and color output without proper thermal management. At the same time, since the LED driver is a silicon component, it will soon fail, so a fail-safe backup overcurrent protection device must be provided.

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