Perhaps you know that all kinds of models have reached the point of superb, and what kind of car, just look at the lights, the conceptual common sense about this car will be like a mercury rushing out of memory. But this is only a superficial understanding, maybe you don't really understand the meaning of the car. To truly understand the car, you must explore to a deeper level, such as an engine. This is like looking at a person. The first thing to look at is whether he has a kind heart.
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If you admit that you are a fan, then you are certainly not familiar with the engine. Because it is so important to the car that we can't ignore its existence. However, the vast majority of people's understanding of the engine is difficult to describe with "proficiency", in fact, this is normal. Because, even many people in the industry called "experts" do not necessarily have to say that every engine is a three-pointer.
In fact, understanding the engine is the necessary and sufficient condition for understanding the car. In other words, you only know the engine to really understand the car. We conducted a "carpet search" of the engine in the "world" and then integrated all kinds of engines together to form this "search engine." Our goal is only one? Through a comprehensive introduction and comparison of the engine, you can understand and master the knowledge of the engine more systematically and comprehensively.
Engine common sense
Simply speaking, the engine is an energy conversion mechanism. The heat energy of gasoline (diesel) is converted into mechanical energy by burning the gas in the sealed cylinder. When the gas expands, it is the most basic principle of the engine. All the structure of the engine is for energy conversion. Although the engine has been with the car for more than 100 years, it has greatly improved in design, manufacturing, technology, performance and control. The basic principle remains the same. This is an era of creativity. The engine designers are constantly integrating the latest technology with the engine, turning the engine into a complex mechatronic product that makes the engine nearly as close as possible. The degree of perfection.
Engine classification
Modern high technology is perfectly reflected in the engine, and some new technologies and structures are widely used in engines. Such as V12, V8, V6 engines: they all mean that the cylinders are arranged in a V-shape. This engine makes full use of the dynamics principle, has good stability, increases engine displacement and reduces engine height. For example, the Audi A8 6.0 uses the W12-12 cylinder V-arrangement engine, and the BENZS600 uses the V12-12 cylinder IV type engine.
Under normal circumstances, the engine according to the size of the displacement is divided into three types: three cylinders, four cylinders, six cylinders, and eight cylinders. At present, most of the 1.3L-2.3L displacement vehicles use in-line four-cylinder engines, which are characterized by small size, simple structure and convenient maintenance. The displacement of 2.5L or more is generally multi-cylinder design, including in-line 6 cylinders, such as BMW; There are also V-type 6-cylinder engines arranged at a certain angle on both sides, which can reduce vibration and noise, such as Buick cars; in general, the larger the displacement, the higher the engine power. But now there are also some small-displacement vehicles that use turbo, multi-valve, variable timing and other technologies to increase power.
Engine performance
The engine performance parameters are the parameters that best reflect the engine's working ability, including: displacement, maximum power, and maximum torque.
Displacement is often associated with engine power. The amount of displacement affects the engine's power level, and is often used as a standard for dividing high, medium, and low-end cars. The piston moves back and forth in the cylinder so that the reciprocating motion must have a highest point and a lowest point. The cylinder volume swept by the piston from the lowest point to the highest point is called the single cylinder displacement. The sum of all the cylinder displacements is called the engine. Displacement. The two concepts that maximum power and maximum torque are most likely to be confused, some people think that the greater the power of the car, the greater the force, but it is not. The same 300 horsepower, in the sports car can make the car run to speeds of more than 250 km / h, but on a container truck, may only have a speed of up to 150 km / h, but it can drag 30-40 tons Container. The mystery here is that the torque of the two cars is very different. In simple terms, the power is expressed at high speed. On the engine performance curve, it rises significantly with the increase of the speed. It determines how fast the car can run. The torque does not necessarily play at high speeds. It is straight on the graph and it determines the power of the car, including acceleration.
When interpreting engine parameters, it is important to note that you should not only look at the power, but also see the torque parameters, and pay attention to the speed when the engine is at maximum power and maximum torque. Of course, the speed value is slightly lower.
Basic characteristics of the V10 engine
1. Fix the clutch housing to the engine with titanium alloy bolts.
2. A carbon fiber gas cylinder that supplies air to the engine's air injection system is located above the driver's head.
3. In the engine gas distribution system, each cylinder has 4 valves.
4. The injector of the engine is machined from a single piece of metal.
5. The camshaft is now driven by gears, while the 1989 RS1 Renault V10 axle is driven by a belt.
6 The valve train has no valve springs, and the valves are now controlled with compressed air.
7. In order to avoid steel pipes as much as possible, a circulation passage for oil and water is cast inside the cylinder wall. What materials are used inside the engine?
Aluminum is the most common material used in today's Formula 1 racing engines. In the 1980s, cast iron was completely replaced by lighter aluminum. Aluminum also replaces magnesium because it can corrode when exposed to water. Only moving parts that must withstand strong forces are made of steel. The basic distribution of materials is as follows:
Aluminum: 63% (cylinder head, oil pan, piston)
Steel: 29.5% (camshaft, curved wheel, timing gear)
Magnesium: 1.5% (oil pump casing)
Carbon fiber: 1% (air tank, coil cover)
Titanium: 5% (link, fastener)
More than 150 employees are required to build an engine, including 28 engineers, 20 drafters, 35 engine mechanics, 8 electronics experts, 20 mechanics and assemblers, 4 system engineers, and 6 bench experiments. The technicians and 15 people are engaged in procurement, production and inspection, and another 15 are management personnel. Turbocharged engines: Formula One engines have become more compact, lighter and more fuel efficient over the years. At the same time, the power increased and the turbocharged peaked from 1977 to 1988. The most advanced engines at the time, including BMW, Porsche, Renault, Ferrari and Honda, had a power of more than 1200 horsepower. This engine changed the face of the Formula One race. In 1977, no one believed that a 1.5-liter turbocharged engine could beat a 3-liter naturally aspirated engine. This may be the best engine of Formula One.
Glossary
We clarify several concepts related to the engine.
>> Piston stop and stroke:
a) The two extreme positions at which the piston reciprocates within the cylinder are called dead centers. The position where the piston is farthest from the center of the crankshaft is called the top dead center, and the position from the center of the crankshaft is called the bottom dead center.
The distance between the top and bottom dead points is called the stroke of the piston. The crankshaft rotates half a turn, which is equivalent to one stroke of the piston.
>> Displacement
a) The piston reciprocates in the cylinder and the volume inside the cylinder changes continuously. When the piston is in the top dead center position, the space formed by the top of the piston and the inner surface of the cylinder head is called the combustion chamber. This volume of space is called the volume of the combustion chamber.
The volume of space through which the piston moves from top dead center to bottom dead center is called the cylinder displacement. If the engine has several cylinders, the sum of all cylinder working volumes is called the engine displacement.
c) When the piston is in the bottom dead center position, the total cylinder volume at the top of the piston top is called the total cylinder volume.
>> Compression ratio
a) The ratio of the total cylinder volume to the combustion chamber volume is called the compression ratio. The compression ratio indicates the extent to which the gas is compressed within the cylinder as the piston moves from bottom dead center to top dead center.
The larger the compression ratio, the greater the degree of compression of the gas in the cylinder. The higher the pressure and temperature of the gas at the end of the compression, the higher the power, but the compression ratio is too high and the knocking is likely to occur.
c) The compression ratio is an important structural parameter of the engine. Different types of engines have different requirements for compression ratios due to different fuel properties. Diesel engines require a large compression ratio, typically between 12 and 29, while gasoline engines are relatively small, between 6 and 11.
Based on the type of engine that is divided by the number of camshaft positions, SOHC stands for a single overhead camshaft engine for 2-valve engines.
>> DOHC
DOHC stands for dual overhead camshaft engine for multi-valve engines. Usually, the engine has two valves per cylinder. In recent years, there have been four valves and five-valve engines. This has undoubtedly opened up a way to improve the efficiency of the intake air at high engine speeds. These engines are suitable for high speed engines and can be used to reduce fuel consumption at high speeds.
>> Turbo
That is, turbocharging, which is abbreviated as T, is generally marked with the words 1.8T, 2.8T, etc. at the rear of the vehicle. Turbo has single turbo and twin turbo. We usually refer to turbocharging, which is turbocharged. Generally, the exhaust gas drives the impeller to drive the pump wheel to send more air to the engine, thus improving the engine. The power while reducing the fuel consumption of the engine.
>> VTEC
The domestically produced Accord sedan engine uses VTEC technology, "VTEC" is the abbreviation of "Variable Valve Timing and Lift Electronic Control System" in English, and the Chinese means "variable valve timing and lift electronic control system". VTEC is a variable intake valve control technology that changes the intake air volume by changing the intake valve opening to increase engine torque.
The entire VTEC system is controlled by an engine electronic control unit (ECU). The ECU receives and processes the parameters of the engine sensor (including speed, intake pressure, vehicle speed, water temperature, etc.), outputs corresponding control signals, and adjusts the rocker piston hydraulic pressure through the solenoid valve. The system, so that the engine is controlled by different cams under different speed conditions, affecting the opening and time of the intake valve.
The VTEC engine is 4 valves per cylinder (2 in 2 rows). The difference is the number of cams and rocker arms and the control method. It is the world's first valve that can control both the valve opening and closing time and the lift. Control System. Through the computer controlled valve timing and valve lift system, the engine's combustion efficiency and performance can be greatly improved. Honda uses VTEC technology in almost all of its models, from the high-performance sports car S2000 to the hybrid car INSIGHT, which uses VTEC technology.
>> Electronic throttle technology
The electronic throttle cancels the traditional throttle cable. Through the accelerator pedal sensor, the microcomputer controls the throttle valve, and the reaction is more sensitive and the control is more precise.
>> Multi-stage variable intake manifold technology
The length of the intake pipe is controlled by a computer to provide a large torque at a low speed and a large power at a high speed.
>> FIRE
FIRE means “integrated engineâ€. It is produced in Italy, Brazil, Turkey and other countries. With an annual output of several million units, it is an economical engine with mature technology and stable performance. It is widely used in various types of Fiat. On the economy car.
Take the 188A4000 engine of the Fiat Pelio car as an example. The engine exhaust volume is 1242ml and the compression ratio is 9.5±0.2 1 . The engine control system ECU is the Italian Marilyn Magneti Marelli? IAW 59F multi-point EFI system. Using electrostatic ignition, sequential injection, non-return oil supply system and dual oxygen sensor technology, the engine emission level easily exceeds the European No. 2 standard and improves the safety of the vehicle. This system has the following functions: adjusting fuel injection time, controlling ignition advance angle, controlling radiator electronic fan, controlling and managing idle speed, controlling cold start compensation, self-diagnosis and self-learning, and having a limp function.
>> VVT-i
Toyota cars produced in recent years, including the latest Vizi, are equipped with engines marked with the words "VVT-i". VVT-i, which stands for "Variable Valve Timing intake" in English, means "smart variable valve timing". Thanks to the electronic control unit (ECU) control, Toyota has a nice Chinese name called "Smart Variable Valve Timing System". The system mainly controls the intake camshaft and adds a small tail "i", which is the code name of the English "Intake". These are the literal meanings of "VVT-i".
The VVT-i is a device that controls the timing of the intake camshaft valve. It is optimized by adjusting the camshaft angle valve timing to improve the engine's power, fuel economy and exhaust emissions in all speed ranges. . Toyota's new generation of Celica, which was released in 2000, further developed the VVT-i engine to create a new generation of VVTL-i engines. It also uses the principle of Honda VTEC, which is more than the camshaft on the original VVT-i engine. It is possible to switch cams of different sizes and angles, and also use the "rocker" mechanism to determine whether to push the cam to the high angle or small angle, and to change the timing of the engine "continuously", the overlap time and "two Staged lift. VVTL-i combines VVT-i's continuous variable timing and overlap angle with VTEC-style camshaft switching, and first achieves the first engine that can be said to be "approximate" perfect. VVT-i can be changed to vary the valve. The new engine VVTL-i after the lift, it really has more than 100hp per liter in the performance version of Celica, 1.8 liters it can have a super strength of 180hp / 7800rpm, and it also has a high torque curve and plain Performance, 0-96km / hr. It should be said that VVTL-i is Toyota's epoch-making masterpiece.
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