5G technology is difficult, and the market is contending in the future.

5G communication technology further improves transmission rate, coverage and network throughput... etc., and the technical performance used in 3G, 4G, and even 4.5G has reached the limit, and the requirements of 5G communication technology are not enough. If the relevant industry still wants to follow the past model to eat the market, it is very difficult...

It is estimated that with the popularization of UltraHD 4K and 8K video resolution standards and the number of connected terminal devices will exceed 50 billion in 2020, it will require more than 10 times the spectrum and transmission rate of today, in order to respond, and this also drives 5G communication technology. Rapid development.

At present, 5G communication technology is in full swing, not only the standard-setting unit--the third-generation partnership program (3GPP) shortens the release time of each version (Release), so-called Release 13, 14... The first edition of the year; countries and related manufacturers around the world are also actively researching and testing the new technologies that are included in many 5Gs – completely different from the technologies used in the past 3G and 4G, and can collect more data to provide standards. Formulate the unit and take the lead in the market.

However, it is worth noting that 5G communication technology has to increase the transmission rate, coverage rate, network throughput, etc., and the technologies used in the past 3G, 4G, and even 4.5G have reached the limit, and the requirements of 5G communication technology are not enough. Therefore, the relevant industry people want to follow the past model to eat the market, the difficulty is very high, the future 5G market will not only be a monopoly situation, but also will present a hundred schools of thought, and then the trend of different business alliances.

Standard development status

The 5G standard specification is currently being developed by 3GPP. It is understood that 3GPP expects to set the 5G communication standard specification at the end of 2019 or 2020, but it will use the relevant standards of the frequency band below 6GHz. The millimeter wave (mmWAVE) is relatively unfamiliar to the existing industry or general engineers due to technology. It is also more difficult, so it will be released later than the specification of the 6GHz band.

There will be such a difference, in addition to the difference between the 6GHz and the millimeter wave technology, the 6GHz technology is also familiar to the industry. Lu Mingzheng, manager of the R&S system and engineering maintenance service department, said that the current 3GPP's use of 5G communication technology is still not quite certain, especially the millimeter wave, while the bandwidth below 6GHz is limited, antenna technology At present, engineers are more familiar and have relevant development knowledge. Therefore, this is also the 3GPP plan to release the following 6GHz band standard specifications in 2020.

On the other hand, the purpose of 5G communication below the 6GHz band is to expect to fully improve spectrum utilization and improve the unsatisfactory spectrum utilization of 4G technology. Pan Jianan, technical marketing manager of National Instruments (NI), pointed out that from the 2018 Korea Winter Olympics, the 2019 World Football Championships, and the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, several important sports events will be used as 5G communication experimental networks. Said to be an important milestone. And this is to prove that 5G communication technology can be used by many users at the same time, the service will not be interrupted, and there will be no network traffic jam.

Joakim Sorelius, head of the 5G architecture of Ericsson's Network Products Division, believes that the technology included in the 5G communication technology below 6GHz is partially the same as the existing LTE technology and can be “re-used”. In addition, 5G communication technology can be backward compatible with LTE; while the high-frequency part, due to problems such as coverage, delay and short transmission distance, requires new technologies to respond.

Figure 1: 3GPP 5G technical standard specification time course (Source: Ericsson Chart)

The mmWAVE specification has to wait...

The adoption of the high-frequency millimeter-wave related specification will not be finalized until 2020, as the frequency band used has not yet been determined. Gao Shuhua, vice president of technical marketing of ALifecom, explained from the development of various generations of mobile communication technologies. In March of this year, 3GPP released Release 13 and 14, and added the concept of Internet of Things (IoT) in Release 14, which is NB-IoT. LTE-Advanced Pro can be implemented; the real name of 5G is IMT-2020, and the specifications are Release 15 and 16. According to the 3GPP's plan, 2017 will announce the final release of Release 14, 2018 Release 15, and 2019 will be Release 16. Among them, the frequency band below 6GHz is the first wave of 5G specification released in 2020; the millimeter wave specification of 6GHz and above is expected to be fixed at the end of 2022.

Yu Tianhua, associate director of the iST Signal Testing Division, pointed out that the millimeter wave in the high frequency band is not only unfamiliar to the band design engineers at this stage, but also brings other development challenges. First, existing complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) chips require a new process to increase yield. Otherwise, they will face a situation where the chip yield is only 15-20% in the current 60GHz band. The new process needs to be reset. Semiconductor process chamber (Chamber).

Not only that, but today's amplifiers supporting the 2.7 GHz band must be further upgraded to support higher frequency bands through new technologies. From a cost perspective, the current cost of 60 GHz amplifiers is about $20,000; and 5G technology requires To large-scale array antennas, multiple input multiple output (Massive MIMO) requires a minimum of 48 amplifiers, and the cost pressure is obvious. Yu Tianhua further explained that the antenna module design engineers at this stage are quite convenient for single-antenna MIMO technology. The matrix MIMO antenna used by the military for a long time is bound to bring new technical thresholds for engineers, and manufacturers who are interested in developing related technologies may Even if you have to replace the existing engineers and find new talents, you can develop smoothly.

Pan Jianan said that the 5G millimeter wave frequency band standard is divided into two phases: Phase 1 and Phase 2. Phase 1 discusses technologies below 40 GHz, covering Massive MIMO, Beamforming, and 2D to full dimension technologies for Release 13, 14, 15; Phase 2 will discuss discontinuity with OFDM. In the case of multi-tasking (OFDM), what new modulation techniques are available, NTT DoCoMo currently proposes non-orthogonal multi-tasking access (NOMA); Vodafone, Intel, and Huawei (WeiWei). . Support for general-purpose frequency division multi-task (GFDM); Alcatel-Lucent supports Universal Filter Multi-Carrier (UFMC)/FBMC, which technology is expected to become a standard in the future, not yet clear, and the support vendors of each technology also Field testing is in progress and more data can be submitted for approval by 3GPP or other members.

All in all, because 5G mobile communication technology can achieve data transmission rate greater than 10Gbps without interference, or at least 50Mbps, and the signal quality in mobile state is better than the current 4G. Therefore, the new modulation technology and the use of the millimeter wave frequency band, compared with the 4G technology, the technical difficulty has been turned several times, which modulation technology can be used to truly play the advantages of the millimeter wave frequency band, which is not determined by the 3GPP members after a discussion. If it is not a standard specification, the industry will be able to launch the product immediately. Therefore, it is necessary to consider it and continue to discuss the technical feasibility. Therefore, 3GPP will publish the millimeter wave standard specification in the second wave.

Qualcomm believes that from the 5G standardization process, the first release of 5G technology and the corresponding technical specifications are expected to be released in 2018. 5G is a brand new system, which means that the technology contains a lot of new features that are not supported by current 4G technology. On the one hand, there are still many similarities between 5G and 4G technologies, such as waveform technology. Qualcomm pointed out that 5G and 4G will adopt the same OFDM waveform technology; on the other hand, there are many differences between 5G and 4G. 5G has to support many different applications across industries, not only the requirements of "high-speed mobile broadband", but also A large number of Internet of Things and key business applications, so the requirements for 5G technology will be much more than 4G, so it is no wonder that 3GPP subdivides the technical specifications into 6GHz and millimeter wave Phase 1, Phase 2, and phased release.

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